Gender Matrix

The Gender Analysis and COVID-19 Matrix provides a rapid snapshot of the gendered impacts of the outbreak in each country. It aims to document the wide-ranging impacts across multiple domains to illuminate how gender and other inequities impact and are impacted by the response. The next step of the project will analyze if and how COVID-19 policies respond to these impacts.

A gender matrix is an analytical tool used to analyze how people of different genders (men, women, and with non-binary gender identities) experience an event or health challenge. It promotes consideration of how an individual’s experience of the particular issue (horizontal categories) interact with gender-related considerations (vertical categories). Gender analysis matrixes are also used within programs or interventions to explore how gender power relations may affect the ability of an intervention to meet its objective.

We have designed a Gender Analysis and COVID-19 Matrix to reflect on how experiences and responses to the outbreak are structured not just by risk, illness, and health services, but also social, economic, and security factors. Our gender considerations aim to take a multidimensional perspective on gender – recognizing gender interacts with access to resource, the roles we fill in society, what is expected of us, and power dynamics. It includes evidence of the ways in which gender power relations manifest to create inequities and/or differences in experiences.

The Matrix is intersectional. We aim to document how various factors – such as race, ethnicity, and sexuality – interact with gender to structure inequities.

The Matrix is dynamic. Considering the fast-moving nature of the COVID-19 outbreak, we have begun with a rapid gender analysis using the matrix domains to guide our analysis of policy, media, and other documents, which we will update monthly. As we conduct primary research, we will add depth of data and analysis to the Matrix.

Methodology: Building off of other gender matrixes, the team collaboratively developed and refined the COVID-19 and gender domains, developing a codebook to define each of the domain intersections. News and web content were systematically searched for evidence of gender impacts of the outbreak and response, and each impact was then classified by domain and entered into the Matrix.

Australia

	Access to Resources	Labour/Roles	Norms/Beliefs	Power	Institutions/ Laws
Risk	Homelessness and overcrowding expose us all to coronavirus.	Healthcare worker sleeping in her garage to avoid family contact	People with a disability are more likely to die from coronavirus	The coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak leaves people with disabilities among the most at risk	All in this together? The impact of COVID-19 on refugees and people seeking asylum.
Illness/ Treatment	From abortion to birth control: How coronavirus is affecting your reproductive rights	Pay casuals COVID leave to stay home, say unions	Aboriginal Territorians are 'significantly represented' in disease outbreaks, but not coronavirus	Woman dies after carer tests positive for coronavirus	Coronavirus and pregnancy: Victoria Government clarifies rules around maternity visitors
Health Systems/ Services	PPE Shortages Aged Care’s Number One Concern	Covid-19: Implications for the Australian healthcare workforce	Hospitals deal with racism as coronavirus fears spread	Queensland hospital rejects entry to NSW mother of sick newborn over coronavirus quarantine	Jenny Morrison urges Australian women to get cancer check in Women’s Health Week video
Social Impacts	Coronavirus - safe and secure housing is needed for women at risk	Women shoulder brunt of household work during Covid-19	I'm scared': parents of children with disability struggle to get the basics during coronavirus	Police arrest demonstrators at Melbourne protest against Victoria's coronavirus lockdown restrictions	Universal childcare a key pillar for Australia’s COVID-19 recession recovery
Economic Impacts	Lost jobs and missed opportunities: How young women’s financial security and careers will take a COVID-19 hit	Gendered impacts of COVID-19 (impacts on female labour force)	COVID-19 has laid bare how much we value women’s work, and how little we pay for it	Queensland sex workers say ongoing coronavirus restrictions leave them in financial limbo	‘Barely any jobs for women’: The gender inequality of Morrison’s stimulus packages
Security Impacts	Panic buying causing serious problems for some of Australia's most vulnerable people	Melbourne health workers of ‘Asian appearance’ report racist coronavirus attacks	Woman spat on, abused in Aussie street	How do we keep family violence perpetrators ‘in view’ during the COVID-19 lockdown?	COVID-19 and violence against women – Federal Government support needed


	Access to Resources	Labour/Roles	Norms/Beliefs	Power	Institutions/ Laws
Vulnerability to disease/ illness	One in three pregnant women decreased their visits to consultations and the presence of face-to-face examinations	Community Health Workers, who perform an extremely important job in primary care, are mostly women. As CHW in Brazil are not considered health professionals, it is estimated that only 9% have received personal protective equipment (PPE) and training to control the disease	Women care more about Covid-19 and think that Brazilian are less concerned;	Justice determines mandatory registration of race in cases of Covid-19;	Raphael Câmara (member of the Medical Council and secretary of the Ministry of Health) defends sexual abstinence preached by Damares, a measure that hinders abortion in case of rape and false early treatment against covid-19
Exposure	Divergence of data on Covid-19 in the indigenous population hinders effective protection measures, according to the Ministry of Health.	Whoever refuses to wear the mask at work, however, can suffer consequences: experts say that, in this case, the employer has the prerogative to dismiss the employee for cause.	Bolsonaro's claims incite homophobia and patterns of masculinity: President Jair Bolsonaro said, before the diagnosis of covid-19, that wearing a mask to prevent covid-19 is “a gay thing”.	The Federal Court has banned the federal government from running a 'Brazil cannot stop' campaign against the social isolation measures adopted by Brazilian states in recent weeks to combat the new coronavirus pandemic.	Brazil's Supreme Tribunal's Decision gives more resources to employees against exposure to Covid-19
Response to illness/ Treatment	Ministry of Health app that recommended 'early treatment' for Covid-19 goes offline The Platform was created to assist doctors and nurses in Manaus, but anyone could access it	The lack of planning, led the country to have one of the most expensive immunizations in the world	Bolsonaro on Pfizer vaccine: ‘If you turn into an alligator, it’s your problem’	‘Early Treatment’: Bolsonaro Government Spends Nearly R$90 million on ineffective drugs, but has not yet paid Butantan for Vaccines	Justice of Rio Grande do Sul prohibits distribution of drugs for early treatment of Covid-19
Health system – facilities and infrastructure	SUS app uses a feature that alerts proximity to contaminated by COVID-19	Women are at the forefront of care provided to those infected by the virus: 70% of the workforce is composed of women in Brazil and 84.7% of nursing assistants and technicians are women	Minister of Health (Mandetta) is fired for disagreeing with Bolsonaro regarding isolation and chloroquine (Bolsonaro defends the use of chloroquine and is against isolation and lockdown)	Civil society, through organizations that work in the health area, compose the “Front for Life” - they developed a “National Plan to confront COVID-19	Parliament approves bill that makes it a crime to break the vaccination line
Economic impacts	Difficulty for indigenous communities to access emergency assistance: lack of access to the necessary technology and tools, lack of assistance, among others.	More than 11 million in Brazil, women heads of households go to great lengths to reconcile work, children, lack of money and mental health; data show that black single mothers are the majority and face severe restrictions on internet access, housing, education and sanitation	Bolsonaro says Brazil can't stop:	Government spent 4% of his GDP on the 1st phase of emergency aid	PLs on extending emergency aid and creating social benefit are under analysis
Social impacts	LGBT + population has lost access to support networks, making it difficult to access it and increasing loneliness.	Domestic workers were particularly hard hit by unemployment or informality. More than 1.7 million domestic workers lost their formal jobs during the Coronavirus pandemic in 2020.	During the pandemic, women are more preoccupied with health while men are more worried about bankruptcy;	In Brazil, pandemic is seen as an ‘opportunity’ for governments to reverse environmental protections laws and as a loophole for the unbridled exploitation of natural resources	Bolsonaro vetoes priority for woman head of family in emergency aid
Security Impacts	At least nine Brazilian capitals signal lack of vaccines against Covid-19	Women black health professionals report bullying during pandemic	Bolsonaro says emergency vaccine against covid-19 is not safe, but guarantees 2 million doses in January	Government has no strategic plan against covid-19	Protocols against Covid-19 in bars do not work

	Access to Resources	Labour/Roles	Norms/Beliefs	Power	Institutions/ Laws
Risk	More businesses owned by women had to close or adapt in order to reduce risk	1/10 COVID-19 cases in Ontario among healthcare workers; 81% healthcare workers women	Toronto neighbourhood with highest concentration of poverty has highest number of COVID-19 cases	Migrant workers can't demand safe working conditions	Privatization of senior care centers led to reduced quality of care and health outcomes; increased risk
Illness/ Treatment	Residents in infected care home, neglected, undernourished	Childcare centers for essential workers close after staff fall sick	Women caring for children more likely to feel depressed than men and those without children	Women with disabilities dies alone; unable to make treatment decisions	Calls for increased testing to be equity-based
Health Systems/ Services	Women have to travel out of province for abortions	Midwives not eligible for 'pandemic pay' increase in Ontario	Report details thousands of cases of racism in healthcare	Majority of Chief Medical Officers and high profile leaders in COVID-19 response women	Filipino-Canadian care aides disproportionately affected due to federal employment policies
Social Impacts	Canadians living in households with children more likely to be food insecure	Men taking on more housework, but women still doing the majority	Editorial cartoons portray women as nagging, talking 'too much' to husbands during isolation	Vancouver dismantles tent cities; homeless lack choice in where they shelter	COVID-19 forces closing of LGBTQ spaces
Economic Impacts	Women and those under 35 at highest financial risk when CERB ends	Women represented 70% of all job losses in March	Women expected to take on double/triple care burdens more often than men	Sex workers economically vulnerable due to COVID-19 impacts on trade	Edmonton licences for escorts make it possible for sex workers to access CERB
Security Impacts	Lack of housing increases risk of GBV during COVID-19	COVID-19 shines light on poor treatment of migrant labourers	Fear of virus keeps women from shelters	10% of women & 6% of men concerned about violence in the home	88% women's service providers concerned COVID-19 impacts their capacity to deliver services

	Access to Resources	Labour/Roles	Norms/Beliefs	Power	Institutions/ Laws
Risk	Women are more susceptible to infection than men among second-generation cases in family cluster	Factories are closing in the Pearl River Delta leading to higher male unemployment	Female student from a low-income family committed suicide when school switched to virtual-learning	Unequal gender norms amongst rural and minority ethnic migrants.	Notice on Prevention and Control of COVID-19 for Children and Pregnant Women: Action Plan for pregnant women, mothers, and healthcare workers
Illness/ Treatment	Pregnant women with COVID-19 showed higher specificity on chest CT scan	Female HCWs report insomnia 5 times more than male HCWs in Huoshenshan Hospital	Survey of 146,000 women expressed higher negative impacts on relationships and jobs compared to men.	Beijing residents of "medium- or high-risk" areas of infection are completely banned from leaving.	The National Health Commission releases the epidemic prevention plan which includes a focus on reproductive health services
Health Systems/ Services	National comittee of Communist Part of China urge government to include reproductive health expenses under national health insurance	Nurses' working hours, being deployed from another city, and level of qualification, are significant factors associated with PTSD	Rising household "burdens" on male partners while female partners (nurse) work in front line	Increased reports on women's significant contribution to manage COVID-19 outbreak: as frontline workers and key leaders in mobilising community	Free cervical and breast cancer examinations for low income wome, and in-patient service without deposit for low-income groups
Social Impacts	Women led civil society groups were essential and effective in mobilising resources during pandemic	70% of civil society membership are female (and rising).	High school students organised to help street cleaners with free masks, food and money	Divorce rate is rising and women are initiating proceedings more than men	President Xi suggests the Women's Federation should actively participate in epidemic prevention and control
Economic Impacts	High numbers of women sought health care insurance after COVID	Women's labor participation rate dropped from 73% to 65% during COVID-19	All-China Women's Federation argues that 'return to work' policy discriminates women. Policy promotes 'stay at home' childcare duties on women	Female workers in a male dominated industry (road freight) ask that skill competency indicators is based on work experience, not sex difference	Reccomendation on return to work prioritised 5 male-dominant industries (e.g. the logistic industry which employs 95.08% male workers)
Security Impacts	Beijing food supply reported stable despite the spike in COVID-19 cases	90% of domestic workers (majority female) don't have a formal agreement with their employer, 1/3 need financial assistance, 1/4 need housing	Rise in discrimination, social stigma, and sexual harassment towards domestic workers (majority female)	Police issued 2,004 Personal Safety Protection Orders (prevention of violence response orders) during COVID-19	Introduction of Mandatory Reporting System on Violence against a Minor (Child) (Trial)

	Access to Resources	Labour/Roles	Norms/Beliefs	Power	Institutions/ Laws
Risk	‘Virus Shut Out’, a complete scam machine claiming to kill any kind of virus still in market despite bans around world	Hong Kong pupils continue return to school despite concerns over coronavirus outbreak, parents believe teaching has resumed too soon amid infection	Loneliness epidemic’ strikes at elderly residents face mental health problems from months of not seeing family members due to restrictions imposed by homes on visitors, activities have worked to keep elderly safe	Hong Kong is in the frontline where human rights crackdown happened	Evacuation of public housings
Illness/ Treatment	Future waves inevitable without a vaccine	Epidemic exposes health system’s weaknesses and the government must offer more support to carers, burden falls on families as coronavirus forces closure community facilities, stops home services	Social distancing measure deteriorate the condition of young Hong Kongers and turning them to home confined for a long time, deteriorating mental health, and the soaring unemployment rate.	Places with women leaders have better control over pandemic	Hong Kong private doctors don’t test suspected Covid-19 patients, letting increase in case and severity of infection
Health Systems/ Services	Health officials in Hong Kong are looking for cheap hotels to quarantine an expected influx of thousands of domestic helpers, but the use of government facilities has been ruled out	Local businessmen complain that high cost of tests at local clinics prohibitive for those who would be travelling frequently	Hong Kong government’s hospital isolation protocol must also be playing a significant role in the confusion	Discrimative policy against South Asian quarantine period	Anti-virus face masks plague Hong Kong’s beaches
Social Impacts	Cross-border families urge Hong Kong government to include them in quarantine exemption scheme	Unfavourable paternity leave in Hong Kong is a major reason for gender inequality	Over-reliance of e- everything: work, school, medical consulation etc.	Xenophobic responses rose against ethnic minorities amid pandemic	Differential approach towards public gathering under social distaning measure either for protest or on beach
Economic Impacts	Hong Kong tenants’ group demands government return Fo Tan flats being used as Covid-19 quarantine facilities and rent relief for a year. One-time help of HK$6,000 is not enough	Airport partly resume to help economy amid pandemic	Music band had to rely on crowdfunding after losing all the economic support	Hong Kong police issue 705 fixed penalties for congregating, totalling HK$1.41m on citizens	Tourism industry amog the hardest hit due to social distancing measure with majority female employees
Security Impacts	Doctors blame Hong Kong’s outdated IT systems for slowing Covid-19 response	Suspisions rose over the health code system for travels to Guangdong, Macau after Covid-19 border restrictions are lifted	A ‘return to normal’ is not good news for students bullied at school	Hong Kong police ban city’s annual Tiananmen Square vigil for first time in 30 years, citing Covid-19 threat	Education Bureau also asks teachers to work out discipline plans for arrested students

	Access to Resources	Labour/Roles	Norms/Beliefs	Power	Institutions/ Laws
Risk	Slum residents at risk due to overcrowding and limited resources; 37% of residents lack access to a personal water source	Majority of health care and workers are women; 75.8% of nurses are women	Women are more worried about food shortage and death resulting from COVID; men are more worried about loss of income, lack of treatment, and possibility of infecting others	Urban slums residents have limited ability to social distance due to over-crowding and need to continue working as most are daily wage-earners	Government quarantine centers increase risk of infection due to over-crowding, lack of proper sanitation, PPE, and water
Illness/ Treatment	National Hospital Insurance Fund removes coverage to COVID-19 patients- to cover only civil servants, including health care workers	Health care workers lack sufficient facilities to self-isolate, ICU facilities for treatment, & quick transportation to receive treatment	71% of slum residents most likely to respond to COVID-19 symptoms by going to a clinic with only 42% likely to call the government's toll-free hotline; only 19% would stay at home	Women representing 19% of members of the National Emergency Response Committee on Coronavirus	Some counties establish separate ward in quarantine centers for pregnant women and women with infants
Health Systems/ Services	Pregnant women with limited health care options due to closures and reprioritization of health resources; they face transport challenges during curfew hours	Health care workers face mental health challenges due to stress of responding to COVID-19, suffering loss of collegues, and fear of exposing family	Hesitation to visit health care institutions due to fear of contracting COVID-19 delays treatment of diseases such as obstetric fistula and access to sexual and reproductive health resources	Male County Health Executive converts maternity hospital to a COVID-19 isolation center	Public health advisory and reprioritization of healthcare resources to respond to COVID-19 negatively impacts access to treatment for cancer, TB, and mental illness, and SRH services including maternal healthcare
Social Impacts	Teenage pregnancies linked to school closures impact low income households	Higher proportion of women (40%) than men (29%) experienced increase in time spent in unpaid domestic and care work compared to men	Outlawed FGM and child marriage practices increase due to reduced oversight following school closure	Women represent only 20% of people quoted in news articles on COVID-19 and 32% of those featured in gender equity stories	47% of learners accessing education through radio, television, and the internet; remote education inaccessible to those outside broadcast range or those without necessary equipment, skills, or internet
Economic Impacts	89% and 28% of women in the informal economy and in casual employment, respectively, cannot earn a living by working from home	Women represent only 35.5% of wage employment in modern sector and are employed in industries most impacted by COVID-19.	Women give up employment to take care of children following school closures due to social norms around gendered division of childcare work	The World Bank finances government reponse through its Kenya COVID-19 Emergency Response Project	Kazi Mtaani Youth Employment Program creates income opportunities for over 280,000 youth in informal settlements: Opportunities entail male-dominated civil works
Security Impacts	Street children facing food insecurity due to closure of eateries, drop-in centers & feeding services	Salaries of health care workers delayed across the country; some workers expected to cover PPE costs	GBV cases reported through the national helpline increased by 34% between February and March and by 92% between February and June	The President directs the National Crime Research Centre to probe escalating cases of gender-based violence and prepare an advisory to security agencies on remedial action	Justice in SGBV cases delayed or denied as police and health care resources priorize COVID-19 response: Some courts scale back as others shut down

	Access to Resources	Labour/Roles	Norms/Beliefs	Power	Institutions/ Laws
Risk	Low-income residents in overcrowded neighbourhoods facing water scarcity at high risk of COVID-19 exposure	Gendered domestic chores undertaken outdoors and caregiving for the sick put women at higher risk of exposure	Men and boys break curfew and find ways around lockdown restrictions to fulfil gendered provider role	Seniors living in multi-generational homes face higher health risks	Police arrest and take those who don't adhere to COVID-19 prevention measures to isolation centers increasing risk of exposure
Illness/ Treatment	Out-of-pocket payment remain primary way to access health care services; Cost of COVID-19 treatment prohibitive for a majority	Healthcare workers who self-isolate at home after testing positive pay for own treatment	New mothers avoid breastfeeding to prevent COVID-19 exposure to babies; before the pandemic exclusive breastfeeding was low, at 17%, contributing Severe Acute Malnutrition	Federal Ministerial Committee on COVID-19 herbal remedies and national compounds seek a home-grown solution to COVID-19	Pregnant women excluded from vaccine clinical trials
Health Systems/ Services	Prioritization of health care resources in addressing COVID-19 impacts infant immunization services, antenatal care, and HIV & breast cancer treatment.	Health care workers prioritized in COVID-19 vaccine rollout	Access to HIV treatment for LGBTI individuals threatened by COVID-19 restrictions, relying on LGBT-inclusive healthcare centres due to stigma	Women largely locked out of COVID-related decision making at national level; men make up 92% of the COVID-19 response decision making group	40% budget cut to primary healthcare services likely to impact immunication, childcare, maternal healthcare and family planning services
Social Impacts	Female adolescents from low-income households lack menstral hygiene products with school closures	Female healthcare workers balance between work in the frontlines and unpaid care work at home; 60% of healthcare workers are women	Religious leaders encourage normative change as men who lost employment refuse to take on gendered domestic and care giving work	Women in COVID-19 response sub-committees lack decision-making power; GBV and protection services not listed as essential	Children in low-income households unable to access online classes
Economic Impacts	Dependence on loans for sustenance likely to affect low-income households; 70% of households experienced income loss early in the pandemic	Gender inequality in the labour market increase as drop in percentage of working women higher than that of male counterpart	Women's participation in paid work likely impacted by increased care work; burden of homeschooling shouldered by mothers	Emergency response taskforces across the states not gender-sensitive in membership and decision making	Central Bank of Nigeria and collaborators in the financial sector launch the Framework for Advancing Women's Inclusion
Security Impacts	Over 75% of Nigerians faced moderate or severe food insecurity in mid-2020, compared to 37% in 2019	Nurses assalted following COVID-19 death; national prevalence of violence against nurses at 53.5%	GBV increased by 149% in the first month of lockdown; 98% of reported cases likely against women and girls by male perpetrators	First lady and governors’ wives mobilize in a campaign against GBV calling for adequate funding and harmonisation of existing related laws	States in Nigeria domesticate the Violence in Person Prohibition Act; Nigerian Governors Forum declare a state of emergency on rape

	Access to Resources	Labour/Roles	Norms/Beliefs	Power	Institutions/ Laws
Risk	BAME pregnant women more likely to be hospitalized than whites	BAME nurses less likely to have access to appropriate PPE	Deaths of black people three times higher than white people	Class, ethnic, gender, educational, and geographical divide to grow without government action	Lockdown may see end to UK HIV transmission
Illness/ Treatment	Greatest pregnancy risk may be premature birth	33% of NHS deaths are nurses	Half of pregnant women in hospital with COVID-19 are Black, Asian, and minority ethnic	More than 20,000 direct and indirect care home deaths in England and Wales	Vulnerable people may die alone due to care home closures
Health Systems/ Services	Women in Northern Ireland granted access to early abortions	Healthcare workers experiencing high levels of stress	Mothers with children under 11 report high levels of anxiety	Doulas blocked from attending births	Prostate cancer pateints able to receive treatment at home
Social Impacts	Increased local community activity during lockdown	4.5 million new carers due to COVID-19	Secretary of Health accused of tone policing MP	Court closures impact domestic and child abuse cases	Minimum Income Requirement keeps low-paid migrant workers separated from families
Economic Impacts	Elderly and vulnerable people without smartphones will be excluded from contact training	Paid and unpaid carers facing poverty	1 in 4 pregnant women have faced discrimination at work	Pregnant women at risk of dismissal for refusing to work in unsafe conditions	Lack of gender pay gap reporting risks accurate assessment of women's position in the workforce
Security Impacts	30% of girls aged 14-21 have trouble accessing or affording sanitary products	Coronavirus reporters subject to racist attacks	Black people fined more than whites under coronavirus laws	Complex needs of BAME women excluded from domestic violence conversations	Parliament shuts but needs to ensure scrutiny of heightened powers

Make your own Matrix!

Using a gender analysis matrix will allow you to design gender responsive research or interventions in a systematic way. It can be used to:

1. Identify how gender analysis can be conducted within existing data sets, and/or

2. Identify key gender-related considerations for research, programmes or policies and how research, programmes or policies can be modified to take into account such considerations.

The matrix can be used to identify and/or develop: gender considerations (barriers and opportunities), analytical gender analysis questions, gender analysis questions for inclusion in data collection tools, codes for qualitative data analysis, variables for quantitative analysis, and gender indicators for monitoring and evaluation.

While, gender analysis matrixes are meant to be modified to meet study or intervention needs and objectives, the gender analysis domains should remain the same. The topic domains should be modified to relate to areas of consideration within your programme, study, or intervention.

The Gender Analysis and COVID-19 matrix (pdf) provides a series of questions that fit into the domains described in the table above.

You should write your answers in the Gender Analysis Matrix Template (doc).

We would love to see any Matrices that you produce for your own countries. Use the contact page to get in touch!

Gender Working Group

We meet online every month to discuss key issues, activities, opportunities and ideas for collaboration. We have a long and growing list of resources on gender and public health emergencies.

JOIN US >

Gender Working Group

We meet online every month to discuss key issues, activities, opportunities and ideas for collaboration. We have a long and growing list of resources on gender and public health emergencies.

JOIN US >

Gender Matrix

Make your own Matrix!

Gender Working Group

Gender Working Group

RISK & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (AUSTRALIA)

RISK & LABOUR/ROLES (Australia)

RISK & NORMS/BELIEFS (Australia)

RISK & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (Australia)

RISK & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (Australia)

ILLNESS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (Australia)

ILLNESS & LABOUR/ROLES (Australia)

ILLNESS & NORMS / BELIEFS (Australia)

ILLNESS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (Australia)

ILLNESS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (Australia)

HEALTH SYTEMS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (Australia)

HEALTH SYTEMS & LABOUR/ROLES (Australia)

HEALTH SYSTEMS & NORMS/BELIEFS (Australia)

HEALTH SYSTEMS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (Australia)

HEALTH SYSTEMS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (Australia)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (Australia)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & LABOUR/ROLES (Australia)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & NORMS/BELIEFS (Australia)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (Australia)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (Australia)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (Australia)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & LABOUR/ROLES (Australia)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & LABOUR/ROLES (Australia)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (Australia)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (Australia)

SECURITY IMPACTS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (Australia)

SECURITY IMPACTS & LABOUR/ROLES (Australia)

SECURITY IMPACTS & NORMS/BELIEFS (Australia)

SECURITY IMPACTS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (Australia)

SECURITY IMPACTS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (Australia)

Vulnerability to disease/ Sexillness & Access to Resources (BRAZIL)

Vulnerability to disease/ Sexillness & Labour/Roles (BRAZIL)

Vulnerability to disease/ Sexillness & Norms/Beliefs (Brazil)

Vulnerability to disease/ Sexillness & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (BRAZIL)

Vulnerability to disease/ Sexillness/LAWS (Brazil)

Exposure / ACCESS TO RESOURCES (BRAZIL)

EXPOSURE & LABOUR/ROLES (BRAZIL)

Exposure & NORMS/BELIEFS (BRAZIL)

Exposure & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (brazil)

exposure/LAWS (Brazil)

ILLNESS & Access to Resources (BRAZIL)

ILLNESS & LABOUR/ROLES (Brazil)

ILLNESS & NORMS / BELIEFS (brazil)

ILLNESS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (brazil)

ILLNESS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (Brazil)

HEALTH SYSTEMS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (BRAZIL)

HEALTH SYTEMS & LABOUR/ROLES (Brazil)

HEALTH SYSTEMS & NORMS/BELIEFS (BRAZIL)

HEALTH SYSTEMS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (brazil)

HEALTH SYSTEMS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (brazil)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (brazil)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & LABOUR/ROLES (brazil)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & NORMS/BELIEFS (brazil)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (BRAZIL)

ECONOMIC IMPACTS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (brazil)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (Brazil)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & LABOUR/ROLES (brazil)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & NORMS/BELIEFS (brasil)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (brazil)

SOCIAL IMPACTS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (brazil)

SECURITY IMPACTS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (brasil)

SECURITY IMPACTS & Labour/Roles (brazil)

SECURITY IMPACTS & NORMS/BELIEFS (brazil)

SECURITY IMPACTS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (Brazil)

SECURITY IMPACTS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (brazil)

Risk & Access to Resources (Canada)

RISK & LABOUR/ROLES (CANADA)

RISK & NORMS/BELIEFS (CANADA)

RISK & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (CANADA)

RISK & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (CANADA)

ILLNESS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (CANADA)

ILLNESS & LABOUR/ROLES (CANADA)

ILLNESS & NORMS / BELIEFS (CANADA)

ILLNESS & POWER/DECISION-MAKING (CANADA)

ILLNESS & INSTITUTIONS/LAWS (CANADA)

HEALTH SYTEMS & ACCESS TO RESOURCES (CANADA)